Author: Azib Rajput

In rural areas, septic tanks are constructed in factories without sewage treatment. They are built separately for each house, for a few houses or a small colony.

This is more in the construction of buildings than in constructing roads, railway lines, and dams. Many earthworks are involved in making embankments along canals and the river. During earthwork, the soil is lifted from one place and thrown away in the other place.

During the construction of the building and after the completion of the building, water enters different parts of the building from different sources. It is called dampness.

There are mainly two types of foundations.
Shallow Foundation
Deep Foundation

Wall foundation design involves determining the foundation’s width, the foundation, depth of the foundation, and thickness of the concrete block. The following is the procedure for designing a wall foundation for a standard soil type.

This method is used for establishing the instrument stations only. After mixing the stations, details are located either by radiation or intersection. The characteristic feature of resection is that the point plotted on the plan is the station occupied by the plane table.

In this method of plane table surveying, the point is located on the plan by drawing a ray from the plane table station to the fact and plotting to scale along the beam the distance measured from the station to the end. The method is suitable for surveying small areas which can be commanded from a single station. It is chiefly used for locating the details from stations, which other forms of surveying, such as triangulation or transit-tape traversing, have previously established.

Plane Tabling is a graphical surveying method in which fieldwork and plotting are done concurrently. It is most suitable for filling in the details between the stations previously fixed by triangulation or theodolite traversing. It is particularly adapted for small-scale or medium-scale mapping in which great accuracy is optional, as for topographical surveys. 

A traverse is a set of connected lines whose lengths and directions must be measured. Traversing is the surveying process used to find these lengths and directions. In general, chains are used to measure length, and a compass or theodolite is used to measure the direction of traverse lines.

The amount that a roof hangs over a house’s outside wall is called the roof overhang. A roof overhang is also called an eave, and the bottom part is called a soffit.